APOD

Astronomy Picture of the Day（每日天文图片）

NASA每日天文图片中最受欢迎的一个网站，事实上，这个网站也是联邦机构网站中最受欢迎的，它比贾斯汀比伯的视频更有吸引力，这个接受数据的终端地址构造了APOD图像和相关的元数据以便其他应用调用。此外，如果concept_tags参数设置为true，则图像的关键字会从返回数据中的图像解释中自动生成，这些关键字可以用作twitter或instagram的图片标签，这通常有助于发现相关联的图片。

Example image:

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HTTP Request

GET  https://api.nasa.gov/planetary/apod

concept_tags are now disabled in this service. Also, an optional return parameter copyright is returned if the image is not public domain.

Query Parameters

Parameter	Type	Default	Description
date	YYYY-MM-DD	today	The date of the APOD image to retrieve
hd	bool	False	Retrieve the URL for the high resolution image
api_key	string	DEMO_KEY	api.nasa.gov key for expanded usage

Example query

https://api.nasa.gov/planetary/apod?api_key=DEMO_KEY

返回Json

{
  "date（日期）": "2019-10-29",
  "explanation（解释）": "Why is there clay on Mars? On Earth, clay can form at the bottom of a peaceful lake when specific minerals trap water.  At the pictured site on Mars, the robotic rover Curiosity drilled into two rocks and found the highest concentration of clay yet.  The clay cache is considered addition evidence that Gale Crater once held water in the distant past.  Pictured, 57 images taken by Curiosity have been combined into a selfie. The images were taken by a camera at the end of its robotic arm. Many details of the car-sized rover are visible, including its rugged wheels, numerous scientific instruments, and a high mast that contains camera \"eyes\", one of which can shoot out an infrared laser beam.  Curiosity continues to roll around and up Mount Sharp -- in the center of Gale Crater -- in a search for new clues about the ancient history of Mars and whether or not the red planet once had conditions that could support life.",
  "hdurl（高清图片地址）": "https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1910/ClayCache_Curiosity_9990.jpg",
  "media_type（媒体信息）": "image",
  "service_version（服务版本）": "v1",
  "title（标题）": "Curiosity Rover Finds a Clay Cache on Mars",
  "url（图片地址）": "https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1910/ClayCache_Curiosity_960.jpg"
}

NeoWs (Near Earth Object Web Service) 近地小行星网络服务。

This API is maintained by SpaceRocks Team: David Greenfield, Arezu Sarvestani, Jason English and Peter Baunach.

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Neo – Feed

按照最近的近地日期来选择对应的小行星列表。

GET https://api.nasa.gov/neo/rest/v1/feed?start_date=START_DATE&end_date=END_DATE&api_key=API_KEY

Query Parameters

Parameter	Type	Default	Description
start_date	YYYY-MM-DD	none	Starting date for asteroid search
end_date	YYYY-MM-DD	7 days after start_date	Ending date for asteroid search
api_key	string	DEMO_KEY	api.nasa.gov key for expanded usage

Example query

https://api.nasa.gov/neo/rest/v1/feed?start_date=2015-09-07&end_date=2015-09-08&api_key=DEMO_KEY

返回Json解析

{
  "links": {
    "next（下一日）": "http://www.neowsapp.com/rest/v1/feed?start_date=2015-09-10&end_date=2015-09-11&detailed=false&api_key=DEMO_KEY",
    "prev（前一日）": "http://www.neowsapp.com/rest/v1/feed?start_date=2015-09-08&end_date=2015-09-09&detailed=false&api_key=DEMO_KEY",
    "self（当日）": "http://www.neowsapp.com/rest/v1/feed?start_date=2015-09-09&end_date=2015-09-10&detailed=false&api_key=DEMO_KEY"
  },
  "element_count（天体数量）": 17,
  "near_earth_objects": {
    "2015-09-10": [
      {
        "links": {
          "self": "http://www.neowsapp.com/rest/v1/neo/3754387?api_key=DEMO_KEY"
        },
        "id": "3754387",
        "neo_reference_id": "3754387",
        "name": "(2016 NZ)",
        "nasa_jpl_url": "http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=3754387",
        "absolute_magnitude_h": 21.389,
        "estimated_diameter": {
          "kilometers": {
            "estimated_diameter_min": 0.1402022478,
            "estimated_diameter_max": 0.3135017567
          },
          "meters": {
            "estimated_diameter_min": 140.2022478229,
            "estimated_diameter_max": 313.5017567302
          },
          "miles": {
            "estimated_diameter_min": 0.0871176109,
            "estimated_diameter_max": 0.1948009001
          },
          "feet": {
            "estimated_diameter_min": 459.9811427472,
            "estimated_diameter_max": 1028.5491035508
          }
        },
        "is_potentially_hazardous_asteroid": false,
        "close_approach_data": [
          {
            "close_approach_date": "2015-09-10",
            "close_approach_date_full": null,
            "epoch_date_close_approach": 1441868400000,
            "relative_velocity": {
              "kilometers_per_second": "9.9745968985",
              "kilometers_per_hour": "35908.5488345684",
              "miles_per_hour": "22312.175802235"
            },
            "miss_distance": {
              "astronomical": "0.4835076765",
              "lunar": "188.0844861585",
              "kilometers": "72331718.533049055",
              "miles": "44944845.776244759"
            },
            "orbiting_body": "Earth"
          }
        ],
        "is_sentry_object": false
      }
    ]
  }
}

***注意*** 上述JSON中每一个”near_earth_objects”下“日期节点”下的天体信息节点除轨道信息（”orbital_data”）外，其余天体信息符合下文Neo – Lookup返回JSON内容格式，翻译详见下文。

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Neo – Lookup

依据 NASA JPL small body (SPK-ID) ID 来查询具体小行星信息。

GET https://api.nasa.gov/neo/rest/v1/neo/

Path Parameters

Parameter	Type	Default	Description
asteroid_id	int	none	Asteroid SPK-ID correlates to the NASA JPL small body
api_key	string	DEMO_KEY	api.nasa.gov key for expanded usage

Example query

https://api.nasa.gov/neo/rest/v1/neo/3542519?api_key=DEMO_KEY

返回Json解析

{
  "links（链接）": {
    "self（链接本身）": "http://www.neowsapp.com/rest/v1/neo/3092164?api_key=DEMO_KEY"
  },
  "id（id）": "3092164",
  "neo_reference_id（Neo引用id）": "3092164",
  "name（名称）": "(1997 VG)",
  "designation（命名名称）": "1997 VG",
  "nasa_jpl_url（nasa图片库地址）": "http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=3092164",
  "absolute_magnitude_h（绝对星等）": 22.2,
  "estimated_diameter（估测直径）": {
    "kilometers（千米）": {
      "estimated_diameter_min": 0.096506147,
      "estimated_diameter_max": 0.2157943048
    },
    "meters（米）": {
      "estimated_diameter_min": 96.5061469579,
      "estimated_diameter_max": 215.7943048444
    },
    "miles（英里）": {
      "estimated_diameter_min": 0.059966121,
      "estimated_diameter_max": 0.134088323
    },
    "feet（英尺）": {
      "estimated_diameter_min": 316.6212271853,
      "estimated_diameter_max": 707.9865871058
    }
  },
  "is_potentially_hazardous_asteroid（是否是具有潜在威胁的小行星）": false,
  "close_approach_data(接近数据)": [
    {
      "close_approach_date（接近日期）": "1997-10-30",
      "close_approach_date_full（接近日期完整格式）": "1997-Oct-30 13:16",
      "epoch_date_close_approach（纪元日期）": 878217360000,
      "relative_velocity（相对速度）": {
        "kilometers_per_second（Km/s）": "17.7898822371",
        "kilometers_per_hour（Km/h）": "64043.576053592",
        "miles_per_hour（M/h）": "39794.1875761889"
      },
      "miss_distance（飞越偏差）": {
        "astronomical（天文学单位）": "0.0825160739",
        "lunar（地月距离单位）": "32.0987527471",
        "kilometers（千米）": "12344228.896202593",
        "miles（米）": "7670348.1573300634"
      },
      "orbiting_body（轨道天体）": "Earth"
    }
  ],
  "orbital_data（轨道数据）": {
    "orbit_id（轨道id）": "13",
    "orbit_determination_date（轨道测定日期）": "2017-04-06 09:17:57",
    "first_observation_date（首次观测日期）": "1997-10-30",
    "last_observation_date（末次观测日期）": "1997-11-09",
    "data_arc_in_days": 10,
    "observations_used（曾观测到次数）": 79,
    "orbit_uncertainty（不确定轨道）": "8",
    "minimum_orbit_intersection（最小轨道面交线）": ".0818401",
    "jupiter_tisserand_invariant（木星蒂塞朗参数）": "3.887",
    "epoch_osculation（观察纪元）": "2450756.5",
    "eccentricity（偏心率）": ".4013047640621201",
    "semi_major_axis（半长轴）": "1.748717422635951",
    "inclination（倾斜度）": "30.9280379318637",
    "ascending_node_longitude（上升节点经度）": "219.5594769011091",
    "orbital_period（轨道周期）": "844.652131471439",
    "perihelion_distance（近日点距离）": "1.046948789933712",
    "perihelion_argument（近日点角距）": "154.4455716615414",
    "aphelion_distance（远日点距离）": "2.45048605533819",
    "perihelion_time（近日点时间）": "2450730.094677552260",
    "mean_anomaly（平近点角）": "11.25423796021976",
    "mean_motion（平均运动）": ".4262109649482048",
    "equinox（二分日）": "J2000",
    "orbit_class（轨道类）": {
      "orbit_class_type（轨道类型）": "AMO",
      "orbit_class_description（轨道描述）": "Near-Earth asteroid orbits similar to that of 1221 Amor",
      "orbit_class_range（轨道范围）": "1.017 AU < q (perihelion) < 1.3 AU"
    }
  },
  "is_sentry_object（是否是哨兵天体）": false
}

---

Neo – Browse

查询所有小行星。

GET https://api.nasa.gov/neo/rest/v1/neo/browse/

Example query

https://api.nasa.gov/neo/rest/v1/neo/browse?api_key=DEMO_KEY

返回Json解析

{
  "links": {
    "next（下一页）": "http://www.neowsapp.com/rest/v1/neo/browse?page=1&size=20&api_key=DEMO_KEY",
    "self（本页）": "http://www.neowsapp.com/rest/v1/neo/browse?page=0&size=20&api_key=DEMO_KEY"
  },
  "page": {
    "size（每页展示星体数量）": 20,
    "total_elements（总星体个数）": 22154,
    "total_pages（总页数）": 1108,
    "number（页码）": 0
  },
  "near_earth_objects": [
    {
      "links": {
        "self": "http://www.neowsapp.com/rest/v1/neo/2021277?api_key=DEMO_KEY"
      },
      "id": "2021277",
      "neo_reference_id": "2021277",
      "name": "21277 (1996 TO5)",
      "designation": "21277",
      "nasa_jpl_url": "http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2021277",
      "absolute_magnitude_h": 16.1,
      "estimated_diameter": {
        "kilometers": {
          "estimated_diameter_min": 1.6016033798,
          "estimated_diameter_max": 3.5812940302
        },
        "meters": {
          "estimated_diameter_min": 1601.6033797856,
          "estimated_diameter_max": 3581.2940301941
        },
        "miles": {
          "estimated_diameter_min": 0.9951898937,
          "estimated_diameter_max": 2.2253122528
        },
        "feet": {
          "estimated_diameter_min": 5254.6044325359,
          "estimated_diameter_max": 11749.652706022
        }
      },
      "is_potentially_hazardous_asteroid": false,
      "close_approach_data": [
        {
          "close_approach_date": "1945-06-07",
          "close_approach_date_full": "1945-Jun-07 22:35",
          "epoch_date_close_approach": -775272300000,
          "relative_velocity": {
            "kilometers_per_second": "15.5094751736",
            "kilometers_per_hour": "55834.1106249398",
            "miles_per_hour": "34693.1450158133"
          },
          "miss_distance": {
            "astronomical": "0.0334235374",
            "lunar": "13.0017560486",
            "kilometers": "5000090.002905338",
            "miles": "3106911.8583881444"
          },
          "orbiting_body": "Mars"
        }
      ],
      "orbital_data": {
        "orbit_id": "160",
        "orbit_determination_date": "2019-02-25 06:46:25",
        "first_observation_date": "1990-02-04",
        "last_observation_date": "2019-02-22",
        "data_arc_in_days": 10610,
        "observations_used": 641,
        "orbit_uncertainty": "0",
        "minimum_orbit_intersection": ".312604",
        "jupiter_tisserand_invariant": "3.267",
        "epoch_osculation": "2458600.5",
        "eccentricity": ".520679713558904",
        "semi_major_axis": "2.377072796215251",
        "inclination": "20.95132822546138",
        "ascending_node_longitude": "167.3838999709471",
        "orbital_period": "1338.634919322609",
        "perihelion_distance": "1.139379213573231",
        "perihelion_argument": "250.19366847",
        "aphelion_distance": "3.61476637885727",
        "perihelion_time": "2458492.623748312731",
        "mean_anomaly": "29.01123379260778",
        "mean_motion": ".2689306806535207",
        "equinox": "J2000",
        "orbit_class": {
          "orbit_class_type": "AMO",
          "orbit_class_description": "Near-Earth asteroid orbits similar to that of 1221 Amor",
          "orbit_class_range": "1.017 AU < q (perihelion) < 1.3 AU"
        }
      },
      "is_sentry_object": false
    }
  ]
}

***注意*** 上述JSON中每一个”near_earth_objects”的子节点均符合上文Neo – Lookup返回JSON内容格式，翻译也与之相同，详见 Neo – Lookup 中JSON解析。

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Reference

• 天文单位
• 日期时间字符串与epoch的转换
• 蒂塞朗参数
• Explanation Of Orbital Elements
• Lunar distance
• What does “osculation epoch” mean? : astrodynamics
• 哨兵系统 Sentry